However, they are of particular diagnostic importance in psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, paraphrenia, manic episodes of bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression. Delusions typically occur in the context of neurological or mental illness, although they are not tied to any particular disease and have been found to occur in the context of many pathological states (both physical and mental). As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information, dogma, poor memory, illusion, or other effects of perception. Unlike hallucinations, delusions are always pathological (the result of an illness or illness process). People with prominent negative symptoms often have a history of poor adjustment before the onset of illness, and response to medication is often limited.[Ī delusion is a belief held with strong conviction despite superior evidence to the contrary. Research suggests that negative symptoms contribute more to poor quality of life, functional disability, and the burden on others than do positive symptoms. They commonly include flat or blunted affect and emotion, poverty of speech (alogia), inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia), lack of desire to form relationships (asociality), and lack of motivation (avolition). Positive symptoms generally respond well to medication Negative symptoms are deficits of normal emotional responses or of other thought processes, and respond less well to medication. Hallucinations are also typically related to the content of the delusional theme. They can include delusions, disordered thoughts and speech, and tactile, auditory, visual, olfactory and gustatory hallucinations, typically regarded as manifestations of psychosis. Positive symptoms are those that most individuals do not normally experience but are present in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is often described in terms of positive and negative (or deficit) symptoms.
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